The actual multiplier effect in the U.S. economy is less than the theoretical multipliers in the textbook because:
a. the MPC in the United States is greater than 1.
b. the gap between the U.S. nominal interest rate and the real interest rate widens as the economy expands or contracts.
c. in addition to saving, other U.S. economic leakages include spendings on imports and taxation
d. the U.S. MPS is smaller than the theoretical MPS in the textbook.