To foster her ESL learners' cognitive and linguistic developments, Ms. Schafer encourages their involvement in a wide range of projects (e.g., 'talk shows' featuring school staff and community members as guests, book reviews for the school LiBrary). Which of the following cognitive and linguistic principles is demonstrated by Ms. Schafer's instructional approach?
1) Scaffolding
2) Zone of Proximal Development
3) Metacognition
4) Multimodality